Lesson 1 - Grammar - WAR AND CONFLICT

• Ćwiczenie 1 aqm

In each pair of sentences above, both have the same meaning, but the second sentence is shorter due to the use of a participle clause. Study the notes below.

• We use –ing clauses to say what somebody or something is (or was) doing at a particular time:
  Do you know the man talking to Mary? (the man is talking to Mary)
  Who were those girls waiting at the station? (the girls were waiting at the station)
  I was alarmed by a dog barking. (a dog was barking)
• When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use an –ing clause to say what something does all the time, not just at a particular time, for example:
  The bridge joining the two banks of the river is very old. (the bridge joins the two banks of the river)
  We live in a large house overlooking the sea. (the house overlooks the sea)
  Can you think of the name of a colour beginning with “R”? (the name begins with “R”)
• -ed clauses have a passive meaning:
  The woman injured in the car accident was taken to hospital. (the woman was injured in the accident)
  Some of the benches newly painted are still wet. (the benches have been painted)
  Note: Many irregular verbs have past participles that do not end in –ed, e.g. made, stolen etc.
  The police eventually found the jewellery stolen in the burglary. (the jewellery was stolen).
• We often use –ing and –ed clauses after there is / there was etc.:
  There were some boys playing basketball in the schoolyard.
  Are there any patients waiting?
  There is a regiment of UN soldiers stationed in the city.
• Ćwiczenie 2
• Ćwiczenie 3
• Ćwiczenie 4 aqm
• Ćwiczenie 5